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I have always been fascinated by computers and software in general. In my daily life, I face a lot of software and ask myself how those systems are made and how they work. A couple of years ago when I joined my first college I faced a software program called 'Packet Tracer'. This program was not only used in class to let us exercise network configuration, but it would also be used for our networking exam.

Okay, okay so it's not really a hack! Just something I wish I would have known 2 years ago when I started my CCNA courses.

And that's when everything got a lot more interesting. After I found out that the software is used as an official exam I had to look at how it works and how secure it is. But after a quick look, I noticed there wasn't much protection at all. Did the developers forgot to put it in, or did they think students at high school/college aren't capable of reversing such software?

We may never know the reason why there is no proper security in place, but I can tell you, this student over here nailed it! I managed to exploit the software in multiple ways, resulting in (almost) instant completion of the exam or other malicious acts.

What is Packet Tracer?

Like I said before, Packet Tracer is a tool that's used for examination. The tool is developed by the company named Cisco and they seem to advertise it as a free tool for school/students to help teach students about configuring networks and all.

As you may know, Cisco is also a hardware vendor.. have a close look at Packet Tracer and you will see that they only have Cisco related hardware in their virtual environment. This makes sense knowing that the software is free. It's a sneaky marketing strategy to advertise their hardware like that to students that haven't got the chance yet to look at competing companies.

More info about Packet Tracer can be found at https://www.netacad.com/courses/packet-tracer

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Fun fact, when you download and open Packet Tracer, a login screen shows up forcing you to log in. You can simply 'bypass' the login screen by temporarily disabling your internet connection and Packet Tracer won't show the login screen anymore, allowing you to use the software without the need for valid login credentials.

We could also patch the login screen so it would never show up, but then we basically 'crack' the software, which is kind of illegal.

Let's get Hacking

While looking at the files that are located in the Packet Tracer folder, I noticed some DLLs contain 'Qt5' in their names. This means Packet Tracer is most likely using the Qt5 framework.

After attempting to reverse the file saving/loading I noticed that the qt5 framework had a SQL library that was used inside Packet Tracer. The first thing that came to mind was hooking those functions to find out what packet tracing is doing with them. One function took my attention after I had a rough look at the exported functions from the Qt5Sql.dll, the one named 'exec'. There are two of those functions, so I googled for 'Qt5Sql' and found the official documentation for the function at https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qsqlquery.html#exec

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Before we can write any code we do have to find out what Packet Tracer does with those functions, so I just slap a breakpoint on the start of both functions and have a look at which arguments (if any) they have. We see that only one of the 'exec()' functions use arguments, according to the Qt5 documentation the one without arguments requires the function 'prepare(const QString &query)' to be called before the arguments less 'exec()' in order to execute something.

Also note that there is another function called 'execBatch(QSqlQuery::BatchExecutionMode mode = ValuesAsRows)' which is used to execute multiple SQL queries, but spoiler alert.. Packet Tracers doesn't seem to have that one in its import tables, meaning it's not being used (or there must be some nasty obfuscation, but that's unlikely to be the case).

For real, there is no obfuscation nor any kind of anti-debugging features present inside Packet Tracer.. It's Free Real Estate! (for hackers)

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Alright, back to PacketTracer, I'm about to open up my favorite debugging software -- Cheat Engine -- and start breakpointing the SQL execution functions to see what's going. Once the breakpoint is placed we have to trigger it, this should be done by triggering some kind of event (such as a button click in Packet Tracer) that requires read/write from the SQL database. My first guess would be opening a .pka file (aka Packet Tracer Activity file), such files contain information about the exercise, the virtual environment, and most importantly, they must somehow contain the answers. Packet Tracer gives live feedback about the current status of the environment, it will increase or decrease the current score depending on which configuration you modify.

The ultimate goal for an attacker would be extracting the answers from the .pka file and then solving the current exercise with those answers. In theory, this should be possible since none of the answers are stored on a server since the application does not require an internet connection.

Writing some code

To better analyze what the function is doing we could write a quick hook using Cheat Engine 'Auto Assabmle' feature. The feature allows you to write assembly instructions, has support for labels, and can do neat things such as allocating memory that then can be used by our hook.

If you thought that Cheat Engine was just for searching values and then modifying those then you are wrong ;).

First, we open up the Memory View. Then click on to tools > Auto Assembly and a new window should pop up. In this window, we can write assembly code and then write it into memory by pressing the 'Execute' button.

Since the scope of this article is not about Cheat Engine I won't go into grea

Cisco Packet Tracer Activity Wizard Password Crack